CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY: IMPORTANCE[S.5 BSA]
Crime scene photography is crucial for documentation, preservation of evidence, and courtroom presentation. It provides a permanent, objective record of the crime scene in its original state, which is vital for investigators to analyse the scene, reconstruct events, and present evidence to a jury. Photography preserves perishable evidence and can reveal details that may have gone unnoticed.
IMPORTANCE FOR INVESTIGATION AND RECONSTRUCTION
Aides scene analysis: Photographs allow investigators to revisit the scene visually long after the physical space has been released. This helps them analyze, refresh their memory, and review details that may have been missed during the initial inspection.
Assists in reconstruction: Detailed and properly scaled images are used to reconstruct the sequence of events. For instance, photos of blood spatter patterns can reveal the type of weapon used and the approximate location of the perpetrator.
Captures transient evidence: Some evidence, such as footprints in snow, bloodstains, or fragile tool marks, can be lost or altered by environmental factors or processing. Photography captures these details before they are gone forever.
Supports forensic analysis: Crime scene photographs provide forensic experts with crucial context for their laboratory analysis. For example, photos showing the location and orientation of a bullet casing can assist a ballistics expert.
IMPORTANCE FOR THE LEGAL PROCESS
Provides courtroom evidence: For many jurors, the crime scene photos will be the closest they ever get to the actual event. Well-documented images serve as compelling visual aids that help judges and juries understand the layout of the scene and the positioning of evidence.
Establishes context and accuracy: A systematic approach to photography—moving from wide shots to mid-range and finally close-ups with scale markers—establishes the context and spatial relationships between pieces of evidence.
Ensures admissibility: To be admitted as evidence, photos must be accurate, relevant, and fairly represent the scene. A strict chain of custody must be maintained for the images, just as with any other piece of physical evidence.
Documents the undisturbed scene: Taking photographs before evidence is moved or marked is essential. This proves that the integrity of the scene was maintained and that the evidence was not tampered with, which can be critical for dispelling defence claims.
BEST PRACTICES AND POTENTIAL CHALLENGES
For photographs to be truly valuable, crime scene photographers must follow strict procedures to ensure accuracy and avoid misrepresentation:
Use proper technique: This includes using appropriate lighting to eliminate shadows and reflections, taking pictures at a 90-degree angle for accurate measurements, and ensuring sharp focus.
Include scale and reference points: Every close-up shot of evidence must be taken with a scale to indicate its size, and mid-range shots should show its position relative to a fixed object.
Overcome bias and distortion: Photographers must be aware of how angles and lighting can distort an image. For instance, shooting from a diagonal viewpoint can misrepresent the location of evidence.
Address digital manipulation: With digital photography, there is a risk of image manipulation. Secure digital imaging methods and a meticulous chain of custody are crucial to ensure the authenticity and integrity of the photographic evidence.